Recently there has been an almost constant feed of news around distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, with banks, gaming organisations, governments, educational establishments and e-commerce vendors all being attacked.
The DDoS threat has evolved considerably over recent years, with significant changes in the frequency and scale of attacks, and the motivations of cyber criminals.
And, over a similar period, many organisations have become highly dependent on the availability of Internet services for their business continuity.
The end of 2014 and beginning of this year has seen a dramatic increase in DDoS attack activity with possibly the most concentrated storm of large attacks that has ever been seen on the Internet.
The majority of these attacks leveraged a reflection amplification technique using the Network Time Protocol (NTP), with large numbers of significant attacks being detected all around the world.
Reflection amplification is a technique that allows an attacker to both magnify the amount of traffic they can generate, and obfuscate the original sources of that attack traffic.
This technique relies on two unfortunate realities:
• Firstly, around a half of service providers do not implement filters at the edge of their network to block traffic with a ‘forged’ (spoofed) source IP address
• Secondly, there are plenty of poorly configured and poorly protected devices on the Internet providing UDP services that offer an amplification factor between a query sent to them and the response which is generated
Historically, DNS servers have been the most frequently utilised by attackers for reflection amplification, and in fact the largest attack ever seen on the Internet prior to 2014 was generated in this way – 309 Gbps, targeting Spamhaus in March 2013.
However, in the latter part of 2013 and most of 2014, NTP has seen significant use with very large numbers of attacks in February and March 2014.
NTP is normally used to synchronise the clocks between devices on the Internet. This takes place with very little traffic, but some NTP servers have administrative functions open to the Internet and these offer very good (100s of times) amplification factors for attackers.
Attacks leveraging NTP have been around for years on a small scale, but they really came into focus in late 2013.
A number of gaming operators were targeted and news quickly spread, with plentiful media coverage of the successful attacks and the methodology used.
Attack tools quickly circulated through the attacker community along with lists of servers generating good amplification factors, and even DDoS services started offering NTP reflection amplification as an option.